1. Introduction

The agricultural sector plays a critical role in ensuring food security, employment, and export earnings in Myanmar. In 2023, it accounted for approximately 13.8% of the national GDP, 16.2% of total exports, and 45.2% of total employment (CSO, 2024). Despite its importance, agricultural productivity remains low, largely because of persistent structural and institutional challenges. These include limited data and information systems, low investment in research and development (R&D), weak quality control mechanisms, outdated farming techniques, inadequate rural infrastructure and irrigation systems, and the increasing impact of climate change (Flanders Investment & Trade, 2020).

The agricultural sector is dominated by small-scale farmers who often lack sufficient access to formal, education, agricultural knowledge, information networks, and modern technologies to manage unpredictable farming risks effectively. Globally, agriculture is undergoing the “fourth agricultural revolution”, characterized by the integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) within farming systems. These advancements enable digitally mediated and automated agricultural practices. For instance, robots are increasingly used for harvesting and weeding, while drones are engaged for fertilizer spraying and monitoring crop growth.

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